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KIMLEY‐HORN AND ASSOCIATES, INC.  <br />NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS  <br />  <br />DECEMBER 31, 2016 AND 2015  <br />(SEE INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANT’S REVIEW REPORT)  <br />  <br />  <br />15 <br />Note 9—Income taxes (continued)  <br /> <br />The components of deferred income taxes as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 are as follows: <br /> <br />2016 2015 <br />Deferred tax assets: <br />Net operating loss and other tax carryforwards - <br />state and federal 606$ 606$ <br />Temporary differences for reimbursed expenses 274,206 262,425 <br />Post-retirement health benefits 155,721 204,843 <br />State research and development tax credit 4,067 27,171 <br />Accrual to cash adjustment 50,834 - <br /> Total deferred tax assets 485,434 495,045 <br />Deferred tax liabilities: <br />Accrual to cash adjustment - (11,965,024) <br />Depreciation (3,787,921) (3,288,464) <br /> Total deferred tax liabilities (3,787,921) (15,253,488) <br /> Net deferred tax liabilities (3,302,487)$ (14,758,443)$ <br /> <br />No valuation allowance for deferred tax assets was required as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. Management <br />believes it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be recovered by future taxable income. <br />  <br />A reconciliation of the expected income tax expense (benefit) at the parent’s federal statutory rate of 35% and <br />income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 is as follows: <br /> <br />2016 2015 <br />Expected income tax expense at statutory rate 5,912,861$ 5,208,222$ <br />State income taxes, net of federal benefit 541,276 177,874 <br />Research and development tax credit (1,537,976) 835 <br />Permanent differences (775,805) 62,543 <br />Change in uncertain tax positions (229,132) - <br />Other 42,646 4,894 <br />3,953,870$ 5,454,368$ <br /> <br />As of December 31, 2016, the Company has net operating loss carryforwards for federal and state income tax <br />purposes of $0 and $15,547, respectively, which are available to offset future federal and state taxable income, <br />if any, for the next 15 years. <br />