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from one end of the zone to the other, traffic may be controlled by either a single flagger or a flagger at either end of the section. When a single flagger is used, he/she should be positioned on the road shoulder opposite the work zone. When visibility is restricted or a single flagger cannot control traffic, then flaggers are needed at either end of the traffic control zone. The flaggers have to coordinate their actions through visual, voice or electronic communication. The flagger(s) need to positioned somewhere in advance of the activity area per Table 2, below. High -visibility apparel Tree care crews may need to: ❑ Require all workers on or near traffic to wear high - visibility clothing or apparel. ❑ Inspect high -visibility clothing regularly to ensure that color has not faded and that reflective properties have not been lost. ❑ So that workers do not blend into the background, consider seasonal variations in landscape and foliage when choosing colors for worker apparel. ❑ Consider using fluorescent garments with reflective material when working under poor lighting conditions. Developing traffic control plans Table 2: Distance of Flagger StationAdvance Activity Area Speed (mph) Distance (ft.) 20 35 25 55 30 85 35 120 40 170 45 220 50 280 55 335 60 415 65 485 Once you fully understand the principles of traffic control, you should be able to apply them to any work situation on or near a road and be able to come up with a plan for controlling traffic. But planning doesn't end there — you also need to consider the safe and efficient layout of vehicles, equipment, materials and personnel inside the cones. The "temporary traffic control plan (TCP)" and "internal traffic control plan (ITCP)" are tools that supervisors and crews can use to coordinate the flow of vehicles outside of, or work vehicles, equipment and workers inside of the activity area, respectively. They are formal -sounding names, but in reality they are simply an extension of the work planning/job briefing process to help ensure the safety of workers in or near traffic. Tree care crews may need to: ❑ Develop an internal traffic control plan (ITCP) once the temporary traffic control plan (TCP) has been established. As the ITCP is developed, consider how the workspace fits within the overall work zone and make sure that the ITCP is placed in the context of a TCP. ❑ Furnish schematic drawings depicting cone/sign placement as well as the movement of workers and the placement/movement of equipment and vehicles, brush piles, etc. within the workspace. ❑ Train workers in the implementation of the TCP and ITCP for each project. ❑ Assign one person the overall responsibility of TCP/ITCP coordination for each job site. By being at the job site, the coordinator is able to respond immediately to hazardous situations. The employer should authorize the coordinator to change and/or halt operations as needed to ensure worker safety. 20